There are several modifications to the pre-existing Reign formula, the first one you will notice is the pump and endurance pathways are covered in one blend, The Incredible Pump & Endurance Matrix. Although we thought Creatinol O-Phosphate (COP) and ElevATP® worked well, their replacements, 1g of Pomegranate powder and 300mg of Vaso6™, are vastly superior. VASO6™ is an innovative vasodilation and nitric oxide ingredient which we’ve dubbed Superior Epicatechin.

It was first studied and funded through the University of South Florida and Olympus Labs is proud to be the first company to bring this ingredient to the pre-workout market! VASO6™ converts to 50% nitric oxide (Citrulline converts to 5%), making it a revolutionary addition to our lineup by utilizing it in RE1GN. The matrix also includes 5g of L-Citrulline and 1g of AGmass™ Agmatine Sulfate, to complete an unrivaled pump and endurance experience.

On its own, the Incredible Pump & Endurance Matrix exceeds any other standalone pump or performance supplement on the market. You may notice the focus and energy blends have been split because they feature ingredients that predominantly target those respective pathways. The Intense Energy Matrix is anchored by 300mg of Caffeine Anhydrous to provide energy and performance. The star of Olympus Labs energy blends, J.Regia, remains but we utilized an even more potent extract. Eria Jarensis is a new addition to the formula since it is a potent energy booster that has proven effective in IGNIT3 and BLOOSHR3D. And we didn’t stop there; we included a novel stimulant that will turbocharge the energy provided by RE1GN. Olympus Labs presents ST1M-X™, another innovative ingredient that brought to you by the DemiGods. ST1M-X™is a standardized extract of the alkaloids of the C. Macroceras plant that Olympus Labs has trademarked.

Description:

Description:

Big Noise is the non-stimulant pre workout vasodilator athletes and bodybuilders have been asking for. Expand blood vessels, circulate nutrients for faster gains and recovery, and experience garden hose size veins that will last all day long. Our favorite part of Big Noise are the added focus ingredients for improved focus and memory. That way you can get the same energy and excitement to train that you'd normally get from Total War, just without the stimulants.

In just minutes you’ll reach maximum blood capacity and maintain that fullness long past after you’ve left the gym. And of course, the long term benefits are the oxygen and nutrient flow exchange throughout the body which improves circulation and the body’s ability to process nutrients and destroy harmful waste

Description:

ALL-IN-ONE PRE-WORKOUT FORMULA

We created Conquer with one goal in mind: provide clean, powerful energy,   unprecedented vasodilation, and laser sharp focus - ALL IN ONE FORMULA

CONQUER Pre-Workout was formulated with clinically dosed ingredients designed to provide pumps, focus and energy.

Enhanced with 150mg DMHA, an extremely powerful ingredient that delivers clean, focused energy without a crash. 

We set out to create a premium, all-inclusive formula that delivers in all areas. 
Conquer is the new standard in premium pre-workout formulas.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Description:

The fundamentals matter. Doesn’t matter if you’re talking basketball, ballet, or pre-workouts, the fundamentals matter. It’s a fact that often gets lost. But not on us – not for FURY X.

For us, the fundamentals are clear: ingredients with a body of literature demonstrating their efficacy, included in non-redundant formulas, in clinical serving sizes. And it’s a funny thing about the fundamentals: when you do them right, they produce something explosive, something significant, something that sets the standard for all products in its category. In so many words, you produce FURY X.

By following the fundamentals, we have produced a pre-workout product that, like its predecessor FURY Extreme, sets the bar for sustained energy, explosive pumps, actual performance benefits, and increased stamina and endurance. In one serving, you receive effectively what other performance products deliver in two: a full clinical serving of creatine monohydrate, l-citrulline, and l-tyrosine. And then, because we’re Core Nutritionals, we throw in a full energy blend with two molecularly similar but pharmacologically-distinct extracts of Camellia kucha (TeaCrine® and Dynamine®), caffeine, and choline. Oh, and did we mention the pumps? Because you’re receiving a full pump product in every serving, too, with l-citrulline, HydroMax® glycerol and betaine attached to the skin-bursting, patented nitrate N03-T®.

Ingredients:

L-Citrulline

Citrulline is a non-essential, non-protein amino acid that forms during the urea cycle and forms ornithine when combined with carbon dioxide. Citrulline is also a critical source of endogenous (natural) arginine, as it is rapidly and efficiently converted to arginine in the vascular endothelium and other tissues.

Citrulline’s benefits have been shown to be greater than its parent compound. While arginine undergoes direct hepatic (liver) metabolism through the enzyme arginase, citrulline bypasses hepatic metabolism entirely and it is delivered straight to the bloodstream. The result is that gut absorption and plasma (blood) bioavailability studies comparing citrulline and arginine have shown two things. First, that citrulline is less readily destroyed and has greater absorption than arginine. Second, that citrulline supplementation increases arginine levels more effectively than arginine supplementation itself.

This translates to promising results. For example, animal studies show a significant increase in anaerobic performance at a 250mg/kg/day serving of citrulline, while studies in humans implicate citrulline in both aerobic and anaerobic performance increases. As a critical part of the urea cycle, citrulline’s performance benefits are thought to be a result of its role in ammonia clearance. Citrulline is implicated in reducing the oxygen cost of muscle processes, along with increasing the rate of post-exercise ATP and phosphocreatine replenishment. As ATP and phosphocreatine are the body’s ‘exercise fuel,’ this may result in citrulline delaying time to exhaustion in aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

Creatine Monohydrate

Sometimes called the “grandfather” of dietary supplements, creatine is, along with caffeine, one of the most extensively studied dietary compounds. Certainly, it is the most well-studied ergogenic aid. Generally speaking, the extensive amount of data on creatine demonstrates that it positively contributes to dilation of the vasculature, plasma-nutrient mobilization, post-workout nitrogen retention and protein synthesis, along with dose-dependently increasing contractile force through ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provision (i.e., it helps support increased strength).

If the human body could be considered a bank account, then ATP would be the currency, and every cellular process would be like spending a little money from that account. Without making a deposit, the account runs dry (fatigue). Unfortunately, making a direct deposit to that account in the form of exogenous adenosine triphosphate is impossible, given that ATP itself is incredibly unstable. The use of supplemental creatine, however, is analogous to making a deposit in the body’s energy bank, given that creatine is eventually metabolized to ATP via several steps. In skeletal muscle, creatine is first phosphorylated into its primary derivative, known as phosphocreatine (PCr), by the muscle-specific creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB (muscle-brain). Following the phosphorylation of creatine, phosphocreatine may then anaerobically donate a phosphate molecule to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form the ATP required during the initial stages of intense muscular contraction. The result is not only an increase in contractile force, but also an increase in potential type IIx (‘fast-twitch’) muscle recruitment – the type of muscle fibers which are not only traditionally associated with speed, strength, and impressive physiques, but which are also unsurprisingly the most energy-demanding fiber types. Literally speaking, creatine contributes to the building of muscle.

Both through the ATP provision just described, as well as effects on nutrient mobilization, protein-sparing, and fluid dynamics, creatine has been consistently demonstrated to increase both lean mass and muscle mass in clinical data. In the short-term, these effects are most likely the result of extra-cellular fluid retention normally associated with exogenous creatine use. In the long term, these effects are likely attributable to creatine’s collective effect on muscle metabolism. The most recent research on creatine suggests it exerts direct effects on muscle metabolism, including altering the expression of genes responsible for ribosomal assembly, attenuating the breakdown of leucine, and most famously, by expanding cell volume. Cutting through the jargon, let us just say that the amount of creatine monohydrate contained in Core FURY Xsimply works: these servings have been shown time and again to significantly increase lean body mass and muscle volume, lower fatigue, and improve performance (measured in several ways).

HydroMax® (65% Glycerol)

Glycerol is a fascinating and highly useful compound that has achieved a somewhat cult status in the fitness community – while both peer-reviewed research and anecdotal reports centered on the endurance functions of glycerol are plentiful, its bodybuilding applications are not as widely lauded. Those who do use glycerol, however, are persistent in their belief that it provides some of the most noticeable, and effective, engorging (“pump”) effects possible.

Glycerol has been well-established as a so-called, “hyperhydrating agent” because of its ability to potently and positively affect plasma (blood) osmolality. As an incredibly powerful osmotic agent, and when combined with large quantities of water, glycerol induces the intracellular retention of fluid (not the extracellular kind, you do not want) that would otherwise be renally excreted. Various research has shown that glycerol’s capacity to positively affect osmolality and expand fluid volume (an increase in total body water) has beneficial effects on performance and physiologic function.

Studies that administered glycerol before both moderate and high endurance fitness tests found that glycerol reduced increases to core temperature, caused athletes to exercise significantly longer before fatigue, reduced urinary elimination of water and increased total body water content, and, in several studies, significantly improved intramuscular water expansion. In less complex terms, this means glycerol has been demonstrated to keep your muscles hydrated, significantly increase the ever-desired, “pump effect” of muscle engorgement, and, maybe most importantly when it comes to a supplement formulation, deliver and keep more nutrients  where they are needed (inside the muscle).

Until recently, however, most of these studies noted a significant drawback: the low glycerol concentration of market-available glycerol products forced researchers to test glycerol loads that were significantly higher than average use cases. Core FURY X uses HydroMax® to overcome precisely this problem.

HydroMax® is a highly-concentrated (65%) form of glycerol that offers greater water stability, and therefore potency, as compared to standard GMS (glycerol monostearate). Of particular interest to bodybuilders, HydroMax®’s greater potency translates to even greater levels of intramuscular water retention – keyword, intramuscular, and therefore no bloat – over GMS.

Overall, supplementation with HydroMax® has been shown to:

• Keep athletes hyperhydrated for extended periods of time.
• Reduce post-workout urine volume (more efficient fluid use).
• Lower heart rate and improve endurance time.
• Enhance plasma and intramuscular volume expansion.

Betaine Nitrate (as N03-T®)

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is found naturally in most living organisms. It is well known to protect non-mammalian animal life in conditions of osmotic stress (a rapid change in the amount of solute surrounding a cell), in addition to functioning as an osmolyte in mammalian (including human) tissues\. Betaine is formed in cells as an oxidation product of choline and can be obtained in the diet from foods such as spinach and beets.

Though data on betaine is limited, and recent, the available literature suggests that this compound may have effects in a number of areas. Studies on betaine using servings as little as 1.25g/day and up to 5g/day for up to 14 days have shown promising results. In one study, a 2.5g/day serving was found to enhance endurance and total repetition volume for the squat, bench press, and jump squat in in healthy-exercised trained adults. A similar study using the same serving found that betaine use increased peak power and maximum peak power, along with force and the maintenance of both force and power in healthy, exercise-trained subjects.

Perhaps more interesting, however, is a study which examined betaine’s effect on the endocrine system. This study revealed that betaine may exert an effect on several endocrine processes given the proper conditions, causing the authors to hypothesize that long(er) term betaine supplementation may increase the hypertrophic response to resistance training.

Pairing betaine with the patented nitrate (N03-T®) enhances nitric oxide production via the nitrate-nitrite pathway. Organic nitrate esters have a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscles through non-nitric oxide synthase pathways, being directly converted first to nitrites and then to nitric oxide itself. (With attendant increases to guanylyl cyclase and then cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which relax the vasculature.) Pairing both nitric oxide synthase and non-nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanisms of actions theoretically enhances total NO production, given that rate-limiting enzymatic pathways in either mechanisms do not determine total NO production.

In an absolute sense, both inorganic and organic nitrates also possess benefits beyond a secondary NO-production pathway. Studies in athletes have demonstrated that nitrate ingestion prior to both aerobic and anaerobic exercise meaningfully increases both delay to fatigue and total work capacity – likely a consequence of nitrate’s activation in hypoxic (oxygen-deprived tissues). Nitrate effectively reduces the oxygen cost of muscular activity, making contractions more efficient.

L-Tyrosine

Tyrosine is amongst a class of amino acids known as ‘non-essential’ amino acids, so called because the body can produce them endogenously, and it is therefore not essential to consume dietary tyrosine. That said, tyrosine is also what is known as a conditionally-essential amino acid; conditionally-essential because, along with glucose and ammonia, the synthesis of tyrosine additionally requires adequate levels of phenylalanine. Once synthesized, tyrosine is one of the most critical amino acids, given its prominent role as a substrate in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, in addition to both T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) thyroid hormones.

In studies on stress modulation, tyrosine has been demonstrated to reverse stress-induced norepinephrine depletion and the depressant-behavioral effects normally associated with it. In simpler terms, tyrosine may, in certain conditions, dampen the extent to which norepinephrine is removed from the bloodstream during a stress event. In simpler terms still, tyrosine may help to mitigate the sense of depletion and fatigue felt at the end of a workout.

Tyrosine may also play important metabolic functions, mostly related to its role in synthesizing compounds which stimulate the nervous system. While not traditionally considered a sympathomimetic amine, studies which have coadministered tyrosine and stimulants demonstrate a synergistic effect. These studies suggest that tyrosine may potentiate the effects of both endogenous and supplemental norepinephrine and its mimetics (in the case of exogenous use) with respect to lipolysis, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. Meaning that tyrosine may play a role in assisting norepinephrine to break up triglycerides and increase body heat transiently.

Choline DL-Bitartrate

Choline is an essential nutrient involved in numerous metabolic pathways, including DNA regulation and repair, protein function, and metabolism. Perhaps most importantly, the critical neurotransmitter acetylcholine is produced directly from free choline via cholinergic neurons. Acetylcholine is then responsible for a number of functions itself, most crucially as the compound which induces muscular contraction, and as the neuromodulator partially responsible for modulating risk/reward, arousal, and enhancing memory.

Choline’s essential role as a substrate for acetylcholine, and therefore brain development, is well documented in animal models. These studies demonstrate that levels of free maternal choline have a direct and fundamental impact on prenatal brain development, with the enhancements or deficits lasting into adulthood. Choline’s enhancing effect is particularly prominent in the hippocampus. In humans, the hippocampus is primarily involved in the consolidation of memory (taking short, episodic memory and translating it into long-term memory) and the learning of new information. Acetylcholine is a critical component in these processes, as mentioned above, and choline may therefore play a potential role in these processes as well by providing the substrate for acetylcholine synthesis.

Tartaric acid occurs naturally in the food source, while its salt derivatives (tartrate, for example) have been used as acidulants, antioxidant synergists, buffers and sequestrants. As free base choline is rapidly destroyed in metabolism, attaching a salt to enhance absorption is necessary. The bitartrate salt addition preserves choline from being destroyed during metabolism.

Caffeine Anhydrous

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed, and perhaps one of the most reviewed, psychoactive compounds. Its physiological effects in a range of areas have been well-documented, including exercise performance, information processing, alertness and mood enhancement, attention, and awareness, along with its anti-lipogenic and lipolytic abilities.

Most importantly to Core FURY X, caffeine has been shown to have significant effects on exercise performance, even with ingestion in servings as small 3 to 9mg/kg/bw/day (the equivalent of 2 cups of standard coffee, for a 170lb male). In endurance training, possible explanations for caffeine’s performance-enhancing effects lie in its metabolic effects on both lean and fat tissue. It is suggested that caffeine’s potent lipolytic (the breakdown of fat tissue into fatty acids) and oxidative (the actual ‘burning’ of fat) action allow the body to utilize these sources during prolonged submaximal exercise. As a consequence, muscle glycogen is spared and available for use later in the training session. Practically speaking, this means caffeine is forcing your body to preferentially use fat tissue as a fuel source, while sparing the glycogen which gives you the full-bodied look!

In short-term exercise, caffeine’sdemonstrated role in the inhibition of cyclic AMP- phosphodiesterases (PDE), adenosine receptor antagonism, and adrenoreceptor agonism come into play. These three pathways collectively stimulate lipolytic activity, boost fat metabolism, increase metabolic rate and energy expenditure, and regulate the body’s thermogenic activity. The practical results of activating these pathways are increases to the contractile force of both cardiac and skeletal muscle (harder flexion), an increase in energy expenditure (freeing up more caloric energy to be used in contraction), dilation of vasculature (better blood flow), and improvements to both nitrogen retention and skeletal muscle protein synthesis (key components to muscle building).

In Core FURY X, we have included a per-serving amount of caffeine that is neither excessive, nor arbitrary, but that instead reflects the servings used in clinical research.

Methylliberine (as Dynamine 40%) and Theacrine (as TeaCrine® 40%)

Camellia kucha is a tea plant endemic to the wild woods of Yunnan, where it grows above 1000m altitude. C. kucha has been consumed as a tea in the region for centuries, and has been found to contain two molecularly similar purine alkaloids: theacrine and, more recently, dynamine. C. kucha’s principal bioactives, theacrineand dynamine, are structurally similar to caffeine but exhibit important physiological differences – namely, that pharmacological studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that they act on the central nervous system causing sedation at lower servings. In larger servings, however, theacrineand dynamineproduce stimulation (as an adenosine agonist). The stimulant component of theacrine was demonstrated in clinical trials using healthy, normal adults, who reported increased feelings of (subjective) psychometric enhancement. 

Dynamine, while being structurally similar toteacrine, is a perfect additive agent due to its distinct pharmacology. As seen in the graph below, dynamine’s AUC (area under curve) deviates from theacrine’s in that it possesses a shorter delay to onset and duration time:

Using dynamine in addition to theacrine thus produces a dual peak stimulation effect, where the user experiences the initial increase to mood and alertness with dynamine; and then a second peak with theacrine.

References:

For references, see below file;

Core Nutritionals: Fury References

Description:

Since 2009 B-NOX™ has been an industry leader in the pre-workout category and Betancourt Nutrition® continues this tradition with its newest edition of B-NOX® formulated to deliver the same great energy and intensity youʼve come to expect from B-NOX® plus our unique Ripped Juice® blend for weight management support.† Ripped Juice® has been Betancourt Nutritionʼs leader in fat loss support since 2006 and the Ripped Juice® blend will join B-NOX® in delivering pre-workout energy and physique enhancement support.† Also includes Zinc, Magnesium and Vitamin B6.

• Endurance Blend of CarnoSyn & L-Citrulline
• Energy blend of Caffeine & Teacrine
• Thermogenic Fat Burning blend: L-Carnitine Tartrate, Capsimax, Green Coffee Bean & GBB
• Keto Friendly 

B-NOX RIPPED PRE-WORKOUT DRINK MIX RAMP UP EXERCISE INTENSITY AND SUPPORT FAT LOSS†

 †These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Description:

• ENHANCED PRE-WORKOUT - Betancourt Nutrition B-NOX Androrush is a fully-loaded pre-workout designed and engineered to provide energy, and intensity to your pump. Give yourself a stable rush and ingredients that can stimulate testosterone production.
• SUSTAINABLE ENERGY - B-NOX is formulated to reduce shakes and jitters while providing an ultimate, sustained energy rush. Give yourself supercharged motivation and laser-like focus for an upgraded, aggressive workout.
• TESTOSTERONE IGNITION - B-NOX Androrush testosterone ignition contains maca and tribulus terrestris extract, ingredients that can stimulate testosterone production and may result in healthier testosterone levels when combined with the workout provided by our energy and endurance blend.
• HIGH QUALITY INGREDIENTS - B-NOX Androrush pre-workout is formulated to maximize your workout and provide the energy you need. It’s formulated by scientists, bodybuilders, and chemists, and was made using only high-quality ingredients.
• OUR MISSION - Betancourt Nutrition is the premier online health and wellness destination dedicated to offering only the best bodybuilding and sports supplements. We cater to customers who want to push the limits of what sports nutrition can do for their physique, and we know that no level of flare or marketing can replace products that truly taste good and work!

Description:

C4® Original – Watermelon is Cellucor’s most popular pre-workout powder. With ingredients like creatine nitrate, TeaCrine®, beta-alanine, arginine alpha ketoglutarate and caffeine, C4® Original will continue to deliver explosive energy and focus to help push you through your next workout.*

Benefits:

• Contains 150 mg of caffeine anhydrous. Caffeine anhydrous supports energy, mental alertness and can help in the performance of cognitive tasks and reaction times.
• Features CarnoSyn® beta-alanine. Beta-alanine is an amino acid which provides muscle pH buffering properties.
• Supplies creatine nitrate (No3-T®). Creatine nitrate is a novel, university studied form of creatine.
• Provides Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate. Arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide which helps fuels nitric oxide production in the body.
• Contains TeaCrine® (tetramethylruci acid typo/theacrine), an alkaloid which is structurally similar to caffeine.
• Supplies N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, for antioxidant support
• Includes velvet bean (mucuna pruriens) seed extract (standardized for L-Dopa).

Ingredients:

Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid)
Niacin (as Niacinamide)
Folic Acid
Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxal-5-phosphate)
Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin)
CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine
Creatine Nitrate (NO3-T®)
Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate
Explosive Energy Blend (N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine
Caffeine Anhydrous
Velvet Bean seed extract
Theacrine (as TeaCrine®))

Other Ingredients:

Natural & Artificial Flavors, Malic Acid, Citric Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, FD&C Red #40

Description:

Forge PW Non Stim Nitric Oxide Pump Performance Product!!!

• Unprecedented Pumps

• Increased Performance

• 1000 Mgs Lions Mane for Mental Clarity and Focus

• Enhanced Muscle Contraction and Recovery

• Killer Blood Flow

Forge PW™ was designed to give you unparalleled blood enhancement (Pump) to your working cells. Increased vasodilation means; nutrient and amino acid dense blood is delivered to your muscles, allowing you to perform better, longer and recover faster. This lasting blood flow will keep the nutrients where they belong, giving you the repair, you need from your training activity. We added Amentopump® to increase muscle calcium levels that enhance muscle contractions and Lion’s Mane for increased brain activity creating a better mind/muscle connection. Forge PW™ will deliver the most for your training activities.

FAQ's:

Q: What is the best way to use Forge PW™?

A. As a dietary supplement, mix 1 scoop (13.5G for Zebra Stripes and 12.5G for Unflavored) of Forge PW™ in 8-12 oz. of water or your favorite beverage 25-30 minutes before your workout.

Q: Can I stack other products with Forge PW™?

A: Yes, For an effective pre and intra-workout combination, stack Forge PW™ with Rogue PW™ High Stim and Rehab Intra.

Description:

While building muscles or gaining shape by losing or earning some extra pounds: diet is the most crucial part of weight training. The body requires a large amount of Protein that synthesize quick, before and after workouts. Proteins ensure that the body produces the strength and stamina necessary for the weight training and has an ample amount of protein stored in the muscles for gaining mass and recovering without fatigue. In addition to gaining mass, protein metabolism also ensures the burning of a large number of calories. This might lead one to believe that protein is the sole dietary requirement of the body to build muscle strength and size. This is a false belief as apart from proteins, the body requires other ingredients like carbs, fats, minerals, and vitamins to be present in the daily diet. The body burns a considerable amount of calories throughout the day. This metabolism, if optimized with the right dietary ingredients, can be the most effective way to burn body fats and gain body shape. Ensure that the diet is complete with the right balance of all the nutrients, to enable your body to grow and develop muscle tissues or lose those extra pounds.

Nutrishop Alliance ENRAGED provides the body with a balanced dose of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids that enables your body to gain strength and stamina for weight training. With the combination of the right ingredients, This mid digesting, complete supplement, can be useful in lipolysis. Help to increase blood flow, fight fatigue, gain muscle mass, and size. It also helps to fight muscle catabolism, improve body immunity, keeping illness at bay.

Ingredients:

Vitamin C Calcium Ascorbate 50mg: The most essential of all vitamins, it helps in protein synthesis, growth of skin tissues, strengthens the arteries, and the immune system. It is water-soluble, and the excess amount leaves the body within 24 hours. Vitamin C Calcium strengthens the bone cartilage, heals wounds, and helps in rivaling the blood pressure.

Vitamin B3 as Niacinamide 50mg: Niacinamide or Niacin, as it is commonly known, helps in breaking Carbohydrates into Glucose, it is also helpful in altering the Cholesterol complex in the body, as it can increase the HDL Cholesterol level and decrease the LDL Cholesterol levels in the body. It increases the vascularity of the nerves and can be used for flushing growth hormones, with excessive usage.

Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) 170mg: The vitamin helps in the synthesis of Amino Acids and is responsible for the breakdown of Glycogen into energy. Thus, it boosts energy levels by conversion of Glycogen into energy. It also increases the immunity of the body against common illnesses.

Vitamin 85 f as (D-Calcium Pantothenate) 20mg: It increases muscle strength and helps in ensuring smooth blood flow. Vitamin 85 f is also beneficial in suppressing Coristol, the stress hormone which is responsible for the accumulation of belly fat.

Citrulline Malate 11,000 mg: The Amino Acid compound fights fatigue, enables long weight training sessions without any muscle soreness. It combines with Malate, a salt compound for stability in the body. Citrulline, when present in excess during the disposition of nitrogen waste, absorbs the Ammonia produced inside the muscles. Ammonia causes muscle soreness and increases muscle fatigue. Thus, Citrulline Malate ensures longer weight training sessions without fatigue and muscle soreness.

Beta-Alanine 3750 mg: It is a nonessential Amino Acid, it l

0obstructs the formation of hydrogen molecules, which increases the pH levels in the muscles. The increase in the pH levels hinders the muscle from gaining strength and increases fatigue. It is also an antioxidant and helps in the formation of Type II twitch muscle fibers.

L-Taurine 3000mg: The Amino Acid helps in reducing muscle combustion, regulates muscle contraction, and is beneficial for the heart. L-Taurine also helps in fat burning. 

Agmatine Sulfate 1700mg: It is an Amino Acid that resists the formation of Nitrogen oxide that causes fatigue, is helpful in the regulation of blood flow, and supplies nutrients to the muscles. The non-essential Amino acid enables long weight sessions, thus contributing to the growth of muscles.

Mucuna Pruriens: The chemical found in plants is also known as Velvet bean and Cowitch. It has a high content of L-Dopa, the amino acid that promotes the production of HGH (Human Growth Hormone), responsible for building lean muscles, burning body fat, gaining muscle mass, and strength. It also helps in improving mental alertness and coordination, lowers Cholesterol levels, and controls blood pressure. It also increases libido in men and women and increases the levels of testosterone.

Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate: An amino acid produces in the body helps in gaining strength and burns body fats. It helps in controlling the production of Nitrogen Oxide in the liver during protein synthesis and helps to prevent inflammation and reduces fatigue. It also helps in kidney functions and intestinal and stomach disorders.

Choline Bitartrate: The combination of Choline with salt results in the formation of Choline Bitartrate. Choline is highly rated as a minor contributor to the healthy functioning of the body and the brain. It transmits nerve impulses across neurons, thus providing more focus, mental energy, and alertness. It also reduces inflammation and regulates breathing.

2-Aminoisoheptane: A stimulant derived from plants. It stimulates the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine, which helps in gaining focus and suppresses the dietary carvings. It increases the rate of heartbeats, breathing, and produces feelings of strength, high performance, intense concentration, and energy. 

Dopamine Hydrochloride: A Catecholamine drug that causes intense contractions of the heart muscles. It is produced in the brain by the synthesis of the amino acid Tyrosine. It is useful in increasing blood pressure and helps in the reduction of perfusion of body organs.

N-Acetyl Cysteine: 

This derivative of L-Cysteine an essential Amino Acid strengthens the immune system, increases the liver enzyme levels, which helps in getting rid of the excess chemicals available in the body during post cycle therapy. It is also an antioxidant and is beneficial for overall health.

L-Tyrosine: The Amino Acid produced in the body through the synthesis of Phenylalanine. It is essential in the production of Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine in the nervous system and lower part of the brain. It helps in effective weight loss as it can be synthesized only by Phenylalanine and produces Catecholamine during synthesis, the hormone that affects lipolysis and thermogenesis. It also increases levels of cognitive performance by decreasing stress and fatigue.

N Phenylacetyl Prolytycine theater: The nootropic molecule bunds with Glutamatergic AMPA receptor site and prevents the synthesis of Glutamate. The absence of Glutamate affects the functioning of the brain. Noopept, as it is commonly known, improves information processing, increases focus, clarity, and learning capacity.

Black Pepper Fruit Extract: The extract of Black Pepper has Piperine as an active ingredient. Piperine prevents the formation of fat cells in the body and reduces the fat levels in the bloodstream, by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down Curumin. It also helps to retain some of the drug components provided by the dietary supplements inside the body. These components are generally flushed out of the body. Thus it enables the drug components of the supplements to be effective.

Energy Blend: Energy Blend is a unique superfood supplement designed to help increase energy and provide nutrition. Herbs with medicinal properties, ginseng, guarana, coenzyme Q10, minerals, and nutrients blended perfectly in the right proportions to produce high energy levels. It supports overall nutrition, provides energy without a crash.

Caffeine: The Methylxanthjne class of central nervous system stimulant is the most widely used psychoactive drug. It blocks the effects of the neurotransmitter Adenosine, which regulates the blood adrenaline levels. Caffeine increases brain activity by stimulating the neurotransmitters in the brain. It increases the focus, arousal, and alertness.

L-Phenylalanine: The Amino Acid is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is responsible for improving mood, attention, and athleticism. The essential amino acid also stimulates catecholamine, which controls lipolysis or breaks down fat molecules, thus helping in fat burning.

DiCaffeine Malate: The composition in the ratio of 4:1, i.e., one part of Malic Acid in four parts of Caffeine. This ionic bound combination helps in metabolism without fatigue. It also boosts thermogenesis, improving weight loss. It also improves focus.

Synephrine Hydrochloride: The Alkaloid available in bitter orange prevents fat mobilization by arresting the activity of fat cell receptors. Thus, burning more calories during metabolism. It affects the basal metabolic rate, which is responsible for more than half of the total calories burned during the entire day. Synephrine combines with HCl to gain more stability inside the body.

Naringin: A Citrus Glycoside found in grapefruit, that attributes to the bitterness in grapes. It helps in fat loss as it inhibits the breakdown of specific components inducing the breakdown of fat molecules. These components, in the absence of Naringin, are washed out of the body. It also helps in high blood plasma concentration and helps to break the sugar molecules present in the blood. It also prolongs the effects of Caffeine in the body. 

Higenamine Hydrochloride: The Amino Acid present in the body acts as a stimulant by increasing the energy, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also stimulates the muscles by activating beta-adrenergic receptors responsible for the smooth relaxation and contractions of the heart muscles. It strengthens the immune system and also reduces the production of Nitric Oxide, thus reducing inflammation and increasing the breakdown of fat molecules. 

Other Ingredients: Natural Flavors, Artificial Flavors, Artificial Color, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium

FAQs:

Q: Is it a pre-workout or a post-workout supplement?

A: It is a post-workout dietary supplement.

Q: How to use it? 

A: A single scoop can be used with 8-10 oz of water, half an hour before or after training sessions.

Q: Can it be used with other supplements? 

A: Enraged is a balanced combination of potent stimulants and amino, thus stacking it with other supplements is not recommended. 

References:

 1. K Matsumoto, M Mizuno, T Mizuno, B Dilling-Hansen, A Lahoz, V Bertelsen, H Münster, H Jordening, K Hamada, T Doi

'Branched-chain amino acids and arginine supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle proteolysis induced by moderate exercise in young individuals'

International journal of sports medicine 28 (06), 531-538, 2007

2. D Enette Larson-Meyer, Kentz S Willis

Vitamin D and athletes

Current sports medicine reports 9 (4), 220-226, 2010

3. Vin Tangpricha, Elizabeth N Pearce, Tai C Chen, Michael F Holick

Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults

The American journal of medicine 112 (8), 659-662, 2002 

4. D Halliday, RO McKernan

Measurement of muscle protein synthetic rate from serial muscle biopsies and total body protein turnover in man by continuous intravenous infusion of L-(alpha-15N) lysine.

Clinical science and molecular medicine 49 (6), 581-590, 1975

5. Maria G Buse, S SANDRA Reid

Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle.

The Journal of clinical investigation 56 (5), 1250-1261, 1975

6. M Zhang, LF Bi, JH Fang, XL Su, GL Da, T Kuwamori, S Kagamimori

Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects

Amino acids 26 (3), 267-271, 2004

7. Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Bruno Gualano, Abbie Smith, Jeffrey Stout, Antonio Herbert Lancha Jr

Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance

Med Sci Sports Exerc 42 (6), 1162-1173, 2010

Description:

A PRE-WORKOUT EXPERIENCE SO EXPLOSIVE – WE HAD TO NAME IT BLOCKBUSTERTM!
BLOCKBUSTERTM is in a league of it’s own, and you’ll agree from the very first sip. Taste isn’t everything, but it plays a key roll in the pre-workout experience. We’ve taken flavors to the next level with BLOCKBUSTERTM This isn’t apple juice from when you were a kid…
Beyond taste you’ll “feel the tingle” as it starts kicking in. That’s when you know there’s a kick*$$ workout just around the corner… push more weight, run longer, “kip” harder!

Description: 

The body generates this energy through the synthesis of the Adenosine Triphosphate molecules or ATP molecules that are considered to be the primary energy source of the body. The body can only retain ATP molecules enough to fuel 8-10 seconds of rigorous weight training at a given time and cannot store a vast amount of ATP molecules for long. For someone who is into serious weight training, it might seriously hinder the workout sessions as low energy levels will cut down the duration of the workout sessions and will cause muscle fatigue, thus defeating the very purpose of weight training. Creatine is the amino acid that facilitates the production of ATP molecules for the body to generate energy during the rigorous weight training sessions. The Protein structure is complex, and it takes a while for the body to break down the Protein source. The HCl present in the gut absorbs the Protein source, and the process of breaking down the Protein structure initiated. The more easily Creatine is incorporated in the body, the lesser time it will take for the body to produce the ATP molecules and generate energy. Therefore, the supply of Creatine through dietary intake that can be easily absorbed by the body becomes essential for anyone who is into progressive critical weight training. A healthy amount of Creatine before and after the workout sessions will ensure that the energy levels are high during the work out sessions, and the body is supplied with ample energy to recover after the workout sessions fast and without fatigue. Thus making it an excellent pre and post-workout dietary essential. 

A Creatine supplement with Hydrochloride can be a wise choice. Hydrochloride being the most abundant chemical found in the stomach, will ensure that the Creatine is easily absorbed by the body and is ready for synthesis.

Ingredients: 

Creatine Hydrochloride: 

Creatine formulated with Hydrochloride is the most soluble form of Creatine. Creatine is the primary source of power for the muscles to gain strength and stamina. The muscle uses phosphate bonded with creatine to create the energy required during strength training. The high solubility results are instant absorption of Creatine in the stomach. The Creatine stored in the body forms Phosphate bonds to generate energy. As Creatine Hydrochloride is easily soluble, it requires comparatively to be taken in fewer amounts. Creatine also helps to keep the muscles hydrated by drawing water into them and increases protein synthesis. It ensures that you have the strength and stamina required to undergo the training, and you recover fast. Creatine Hydrochloride improves the quality of your workout sessions by letting you work out for longer durations, with enhanced energy levels and focus.

FAQs:

Q. Can it be used as a pre-workout supplement?

A. It is a great pre-workout supplement and can also be used as a post-workout supplement for fast recovery.

Q: Can it be stacked with other supplements?

A. YES

Q: How to use it? 

A: A single scoop can be used with 8-10 oz of water, half an hour before or after training sessions.

References:

1. De França, Elias&Avelar, Bruno &Yoshioka, Caroline & Santana Jefferson &Madureira, Diana &Zocoler, Ceaser&Rossi, Fabric &Lira, Fabio & Rodrigues, Bruno &Caperuto, Erico. 2015 Creatine HCl and Creatine Monohydrate Improve Strength but Only Creatine HCl Induced Changes on Body Composition in Recreational Weightlifters. Food and Nutrition Sciences.2015

2. Daniel McDonough, 2017. Oral Creatine Hydrochloride Supplementation: Acute Effects on SUBMAXIMAL, Intermittent bouts of Bench Press and Vertical Jump Exercises, Kinesiology, Biophysical Studies

Boise State University, December 2017

3. Jeffrey R Stout, Joel T Cramer, Michelle Mielke, JOSEPH O'KROY, Don J Torok, Robert F Zoeller. Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold

The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 20 (4), 928-931, 2006

4. RF Zoeller, JR Stout, JA O’kroy, DJ Torok, M Mielke. Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion

Amino acids 33 (3), 505-510, 2007

5. Dabid R Pearson, Derek G Hambx Wade Russell, Tom Harris. Long-term effects of creatine monohydrate on strength and power The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 13 (3), 187-192, 1999

Description:

Advanced BCAA & EAA Recovery and Endurance Formula

• Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis
• Enhances Muscle Growth
• Accelerates Exercise Recovery
• Improves Endurance
• 30 Servings

As we all know, protein is essential for recovery from exercise and muscle damage. The Essential Amino Acids, including the Branched Chain Amino Acids, are the functional components of all proteins. EAAs and BCAAs – especially the amino acid, L-Leucine – are responsible for forming new muscle proteins and providing a signal to begin the rebuild and repair process within muscle tissues. Amino Impact™ contains a full profile of EAAs, including added leucine.

• L-Leucine is the “anabolic signal” in muscle cells; Leucine turns on muscle protein synthesis.
• While Leucine activates anabolism, all 9 EAAs are minimally required to form muscle proteins.
• Additional L-Glutamine supports muscle growth, glycogen resynthesis, gut health, and neural function.

Amino Impact™ features an advanced amino acid signature, with high doses of prominent EAAs, 2:1:1 BCAAs, and added instantized L-Leucine for maximal MPS. Athletes supplementing with Amino Impact™ are bound to experience accelerated rates of recovery and enhanced muscle growth.

Ingredients:

L-Leucine

Leucine is one of the BCAAs. It has been demonstrated to be the only one of the 20 amino acids capable of independently stimulating protein synthesis.

• Leucine activates mTOR – the mammalian Target of Rapamycin
• mTOR augments rates of muscle protein synthesis and stimulation may enhance muscle growth and recovery.
• The leucine concentration of proteins may be directly associated with muscle growth.

BCAA

BCAAs are branched-chain amino acids, of which there are 3 – Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine.

• The effects of BCAA include those of Leucine.
• The BCAAs are more easily oxidized, which means they play a greater role in energy metabolism, especially during exercise.
• BCAA supplementation helps reduce exercise fatigue, enhancing workout performance.

EAA

The essential amino acids (EAA) must be obtained in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body, like the nonessential amino acids.

• EAAs can be converted to nonessential amino acids when necessary to form complete proteins.
• Gram-for-gram, EAA supplementation may be more effective than protein supplementation.
• Using EAA between meals provides an anabolic boost with little to no caloric value.

FAQs:

Q: What is the best way to use Amino Impact?

A: As a dietary supplement, mix 1 serving (1 scoop) in 10-12oz of water and drink anytime throughout the day.

Q: Can I stack other products with Amino Impact?

A: Yes. For fat loss, stack Amino Impact with T2 Rise. For building muscle, stack Amino Impact with Rogue PW.

References:

1. Shimomura, Y., Inaguma, A., Watanabe, S., Yamamoto, Y., Muramatsu, Y., Bajotto, G., ... & Mawatari, K. (2010). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation before squat exercise and delayed-onset muscle soreness. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 20(3), 236-244.
2. Ispoglou, T., King, R. F., Polman, R. C., & Zanker, C. (2011). Daily L-leucine supplementation in novice trainees during a 12-week weight training program. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 6(1), 38-50.
3. Lynch, C. J., Fox, H. L., Vary, T. C., Jefferson, L. S., & Kimball, S. R. (2000). Regulation of amino acid–sensitive TOR signaling by leucine analogues in adipocytes. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 77(2), 234-251.
4. Blomstrand, E., Ek, S., & Newsholme, E. A. (1996). Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise. Nutrition, 12(7-8), 485-490.
5. Blomstrand, E., Hassmén, P., Ek, S., Ekblom, B., & Newsholme, E. A. (1997). Influence of ingesting a solution of branched‐chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 159(1), 41-49.
6. Norton, L. E., Layman, D. K., Bunpo, P., Anthony, T. G., Brana, D. V., & Garlick, P. J. (2009). The leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in rats. The Journal of nutrition, 139(6), 1103-1109.

Description:

Woke AF™ is not for beginners, rookies, or people who curl in the squat rack. This stim heavy dose has been formulated for those with only the strongest of tolerances. 3 different stimulants combined with clinically proven cognition enhancers, and a potent delivery mechanism will help you stay WOKE through the most intense workouts, longest work shifts, graveyards, study sessions, (or simply crushing your enemies, seeing them driven before you, and hearing the lamentation of their people).*

Ingredients:

• Dendrobium - An ancient Chinese herb, used as an energy boosting agent. It has seen an increase in demand since the ban of ephedrine and DMAA due to its similarities with geranium, the plant famously known for its extract used in the production of 1,3-dimethylamylamine.*
• Synephrine - Synephrine HCl, also known as bitter orange extract. Synephrine in its hydrochloride form it has been shown to be more bioavailable in the body. A very potent stimulant, this compound has become a staple for stim junkies. Stacked with dendrobium, this formula has not just one, but two ingredients to mimic the effects of the banned ephedrine plant.*
• Caffeine - Increased to 333mg, WOKE AF is specifically formulated for those with an already developed high tolerance to stimulants.*
• Carnosyn - Increased to 3.2g for extended training sessions.*

• Citrulline

• Beta-Alanine - Increased to 3.2g for extended training sessions.*

• Velet Extraact IGF-1

other ingredients: citric acid, natural & artifical flavors, sucralose, malic acid,silicone dioxice, calcium silicate, red 40 lake

Best Tasting Pre Workout Available

#GETBUCKEDUP with Bucked Up™ BLOOD RAZ (Raspberry). Have a flavor you would like to try? Contact us

Recommended Use

WARNING: CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT IF YOU ARE TAKING ANY MEDICATIONS OR ARE UNDER A PHYSICIAN’S CARE FOR A MEDICAL CONDITION. NOT FOR USE BY THOSE UNDER THE AGE OF 18, WOMEN THAT ARE PREGNANT, TRYING TO GET PREGNANT, OR NURSING, OR THOSE THAT ARE SENSITIVE TO CARNOSYN® BETA-ALANINE, CAFFEINE. DO NOT CONSUME CAFFEINE FROM OTHER SOURCES WHILE TAKING THIS PRODUCT AS TOO MUCH CAFFEINE MAY CAUSE NERVOUSNESS,IRRITABILITY, SLEEPLESSNESS, AND OCCASIONALLY RAPID HEARTBEAT.

Do not combine with alcohol. Do not exceed 2 scoops within 24 hours, consumed at least 4 hours apart. Consume as part of a healthy diet and exercise program, and drink at least 100 fl oz of water per day. Exercise may increase your need for additional fluid intake. Keep out of reach of children. Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

DIRECTIONS: Mix 1 scoop with 4-6 fl oz of cold water and consume 20-30 minutes before training. Do not shake. Stir.

Approximately 200 mg of caffeine per serving.

Description:

Backed by Science to Optimize:

• STIMULANT FREE PRE-WORKOUT*
• RESTORES MUSCLE GLYCOGEN*
• INCREASES MUSCLE TONE & HARDNESS*
• RECOVERY TIME ACCELERATOR*
• MAXIMIZES ENDURANCE & POWER*

STEEL’S capstone product. Formulated by STEEL founder Jason Huh, the man who put Glycomax on the map; ADABOLIC is comprised of the exact ratios of over 30 ingredients utilized by Jason Huh and his male & female athletes. This Pre, Intra & Post workout formulation is a must-have recovery aid for any fitness enthusiasts seeking  increased performance and recovery to blast through plateaus and transform their body.

*Due to the sensitive and highly limited ingredients used in the STEEL products, for customer safety, we do not accept returns as returned items cannot be restocked. Please carefully consider this before your purchase.

Ingredients:

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 60mg, Biotin .3mg (Vitamin H), d-Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 10mg, Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) 20mg, Pryidoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 2mg, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 1.7mg, Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B1) 1.5mg, Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) 60mcg, Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 400iu, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E Acetate) 30iu, Vitamin K1 80mcg, Magnesium 50mg, GLYCOMAX (homo polysaccharide derived from Rice & Potato) 12g, L-Citrulline 4g, Leucine 3.5g, Glutamine 3g, Beta Alanine 2g, L-Isoleucine 1.75g, L-Valine 1.75g, Kre-Alkalyn 1.5g, Betaine Anhydrous 1g, Hydromax 500mg, Beta Vulgaris (Beet Root Extract) 500mg, L-Lysine 300mg, L-Threonine 300mg, L-Methionine 300mg, L-Phenylalanine 300mg, L-Tryptophan 300mg, Histidine 300mg, Bioperine (Black Pepper Fruit Extract) 5mg.
Other Ingredients:
Maltodextrin, Citric Acid, Erythritol, Sucralose, Silicon Dioxide, Acesulfame-K

FAQs:

Q. How do I take ADA?
A. Totally depends on your goals: For lean users seeking maximum gains: 1 scoop before, during and after training. For users seeking to lower body fat: 1 scoop after training. For users trying to build muscle and slightly tone: 1 scoop before and after workout.
Q. Can ADA be combined with other Steel products?
A. ADA can be combined with ANY STEEL product.
Q. Does ADA have any stimulants?
A. ADA has zero stimulants.
Q. Can this be used by women safely?
A. Absolutely! For women, 1 scoop post-workout is optimal.
Q. Can I mix ADA with my Pumped and Amped pre-workouts?
A. Yes, they can all be combined into an all-in-one pre-workout drink.I don't lift weights, but I exercise regularly.
Q. Can I take ADA?
A. Yes, ADA is formulated for a wide range of athletes seeking enhanced recovery and boosted performance, not just weight lifters.

Description:

Sweat More Burn More with TC1Gel
1. Rub TC1 Gel on your arms, legs and stomach 20 minutes before you workout.
2. Wrap our TC1 Sweat Belt around your stomach to lock in the gel for best results.
3. Start your workout routine. As your body temp rises your will feel the heat from the gel start to warm you up causing you to sweat more.
4. The heat will help keep your muscles loose through your workout and into post workout helping with recovery.

Description:

Description:

ADVANCED CLUSTER DEXTRIN–INFUSED PRE–WORKOUT

HOW DOES PRE-EXTREME WORK?

• Builds explosiveness, power, and strength†
• Includes 15G of Cluster Dextrin®
• Enhances endurance and increases reps†
• Accelerates performance and recovery†
• Supercharges mental focus and acuity†
• No proprietary blends and full label disclosure.
• 15G Cluster Dextrin
• 3.2G Beta-Alanine
• 1650MG Stimulant Complex

NutraBio PRE Extreme is the hardcore and ultra-high stim version of our original PRE formula. On top of the time tested and research proven ingredient profile already found in PRE; we added 15,000 mg of Cluster Dextrin and 4 mg of Yohimbe to PRE Extreme in order to rapidly supply working muscles with fuel (glycogen) and take your energy and focus to the next level. This potent combination makes PRE Extreme the most advanced, most intense, and hardest hitting pre-workout on the market today that will allow you to push your limits further than ever before. PRE Extreme is built upon clinically dosed and scientifically backed ingredients proven to maximize workout performance and produce results. Athletes of all levels realize that in order achieve the most effective training session that energy, strength, endurance, and focus are a must. A complete pre-workout supplement should support all of these benefits. The synergistic combination of ingredients found in PRE Extreme help prepare your body physiologically and psychologically by amplifying energy, enhancing the mind-muscle connection, and supporting increases in muscular strength, power, and endurance.  From top to bottom PRE Extreme will help keep you training stronger and longer. Take a deeper look into PRE Extreme and you will find:

• Clinical doses of 21 research-backed ingredients
• 15,000 mg of highly branched cyclic dextrin to rapidly fuel muscles with steady state glycogen to enhance performance
• 350mg combined of caffeine anhydrous and Infinergy Di-Caffeine Malate to boost energy, increase focus, and provide greater training intensity. All without a caffeine crash.
• 4 mg of Yohimbe HCL to increase adrenaline levels in the body and increase fat burning.
• 2500mg of Carnosyn Beta-Alanine to increase endurance and help counteract fatigue caused by hydrogen ion accumulation.
• 2000mg of Pharmapure creatine monohydrate for greater strength, power, and muscle growth.
• 3500mg of L-Leucine to help prevent muscle catabolism and lessen recovery time between sessions.
• 300mg of Theapure L-Theanine. When combined with caffeine promotes enhanced cognition and attention.
• 100mcg of Huperzine A to promote a strong mind-muscle connection and supercharge mental focus.
• 2500mg of betaine anhydrous to support creatine production, increase power and strength output, and protect cells from dehydration.
• 1000mg of Agmatine sulfate and 750mg Nitrosigine to stimulate nitric oxide pathways leading to greater vasodilation and bigger muscle pumps.
• 2214mg electrolyte and hydration optimizer that helps maintain water balance in the muscle, facilitates motor neuron function, and increase exercise capacity.
• 5mg of Bioperine black pepper extract to enhance absorption of the active ingredients in PRE.
• L-Citrulline (6000mg) – Increases nitric oxide production, reduces fatigue, and improves endurance

Since day one NutraBio has never been happy maintaining the status quo when it comes to pre-workouts. We have always been the innovators; not the replicators. Although the industry makes it seems like non-proprietary blends, proper dosing, and scientifically backed ingredients are something new; the fact is NutraBio pioneered this trend over 15 years ago.  We focused on creating the best, and we've done just that with PRE Extreme. PRE Extreme has everything you need in one comprehensive, open label, clinically dosed formula and nothing you don't. We pride ourselves on purity. What you see on the label is exactly what you get. PRE Extreme contains no fillers, excipients, proprietary blends, or other potentially unhealthy or unneeded additives.

At the end of the day, NutraBio isn't just about marketing hype and trying to maximize our profit. It's all about giving athletes what they want to meet their performance needs by giving them access to clean supplements that are innovative and effective. Like you, we want to train hard and see the results of our efforts.  Compare NutraBio PRE Extreme to any other so called "hard core" pre-workout on the market and ask yourself whose formula was created WITHOUT COMPROMISE. We think you'll find that even the most self-proclaimed strongest formulated pre-workouts pale in comparison to PRE Extreme.

Game over. NutraBio PRE Extreme dominates the pre-workout landscape.

Ingredients:

A closer look at the 21 ingredients and doses used to make NutraBio PRE Extreme the most hardcore pre-workout on the market

RAPID GLYCOGEN PRE-LOAD SYSTEM (15,000 mg)

HIGHLY BRANCHED CYCLIC DEXTRIN (AS CLUSTER DEXTRIN) (15,000 MG)

• Cyclic Dextrin is a clinically studied carbohydrate that is rapidly absorbed and provides fuel (glycogen) to working muscles.
• Cluster Dextrin is highly soluble and promotes fast gastric emptying times; virtually eliminating any gastric distress often associated with less advanced carbohydrates.
• Cluster Dextrin maintains a slow release, offering the ideal interaction between carbohydrate breakdown and the normal release of free fatty acids. The result: superior carbohydrate absorption and superior endurance. 
• In 2013 human clinical trials of Cluster Dextrin, 24 adult male athletes showed that during cycling exercise, the group administered 15 grams of Cluster Dextrin performed better than those who took the same amount of a maltodextrin.
• Unlike other formulations using Cluster Dextrin that have dextrose or maltodextrin hidden in the "other ingredients," NutraBio uses only pure Cluster Dextrin

ATHLETIC ENDURANCE & PERFORMANCE COMPLEX (8500 mg)

L-Citrulline (6000mg)

• L-Citrulline is an amino acid that plays an important role in nitric oxide metabolism and regulation.
• It is converted to L-Arginine in the body to support L-Arginine and nitric oxide levels.
• Increased production of nitric oxide (NO) promotes vascular dilation which improves oxygen and blood circulation throughout the body.
• L-Citrulline is also expected to relieve muscle fatigue through ammonia elimination.
• A 2015 study conducted by Bailey et al. found subjects who supplemented with 6000mg L-Citrulline for 7 days were able to improve oxygen uptake and performance during high-intensity exercise.

BETA ALANINE (AS CARNOSYN) (3200 mg)

• Beta-alanine (BA) is a version of the amino acid alanine which serves as the precursor to carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) in skeletal muscle.  Supplementing with BA is a highly effective means of increasing muscle carnosine content.  Increased muscle carnosine helps buffer the negative side effects of hydrogen ion accumulation in muscles as exercise intensity increases.
• Beta-Alanine supplementation has been linked to improved exercise performance and delayed fatigue at higher intensities in both trained and untrained individuals in events lasting 1-4 minutes. 
• Increases in lean muscle mass and muscular endurance have also been noted with supplementation.
• A recent meta-analysis confirmed the ergogenic effect of beta-alanine, showing a 2.85% increase in exercise performance compared to placebo when dosed at ~2/grams daily.

ATP POWER, STRENGTH, & RECOVERY COMPLEX (9000 mg)

L-LEUCINE (3500 mg)

• Leucine is one of the essential branched chain amino acids (BCAA). By itself it can stimulate muscle protein synthesis; the process responsible for muscle growth and recovery.  This is why it is often referred to as the "main" amino acid.
• Supplementation with at least 2/grams daily leucine has been shown decrease muscle soreness, lessen recovery time between workouts, and increase lean muscle mass.
• Howatson et al. (2012) discovered that leucine (combined with isoleucine and valine) administered before muscle damaging resistance exercises reduced indices of muscle damage and accelerated recovery in resistance trained males.
• NutraBio's leucine is derived from fermented vegetables sources as opposed to animal based sources.

BETAINE ANHYDROUS (2500 mg)

• Betaine, scientifically referred to as Trimethylglycine, is a metabolite of choline.  Betaine's two main functions in the body are as a methyl donor and osmolyte.  As an osmolyte, betaine protects proteins, cells, and enzymes from heat, dehydration, and other physiological stresses.  As a methyl donor, betaine is used to convert homocysteine to L-methionine, and is therefore, a precursor to creatine.
• Doses of 2500-6000mg betaine daily may increase muscular strength, endurance, and total training volume.
• Betaine also plays a role in hepatic fat metabolism, promoting muscle protein synthesis, and has been suggested to increase nitric oxide levels.
• A study conducted by the University of Connecticut found that individuals supplementing with 1.25 grams of betaine twice/daily increased bench press power 20%.

ELECTROLYTE & HYDRATION OPTIMIZER (2214 mg)

TAURINE (1500 mg)

• Taurine is one of the most important, useful, and safest amino acids.  Taurine is best known for its beneficial effects on the heart and cardiovascular system. Early clinical research also suggests that taurine, in combination with caffeine, can produce improvements in mental performance.  When the body engages in extreme physical activity, it no longer will be able to produce the necessary amounts of taurine, therefore supplementation becomes necessary.
• Taurine is involved in the regulation of core body temperature and may help prevent heat stress and stroke.
• Taurine is also acts is an osmolyte; assisting the body in maintaining proper water balance.
• Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.

CALCIUM POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE CITRATE (AS CALCI-K) (525 mg) & SODIUM PHOSPHATE (189mg)

• Calcium, potassium, and phosphorus are vital electrolytes needed to maintain bodily water balance and facilitate motor neuron function.
• The combination of these electrolytes in CALCI-K are highly soluble and readily absorbed by the body.
• Electrolytes have been shown to prevent muscle cramps and are essential to normal muscular contractions.
• As we exercise electrolytes are lost through sweat and must be replaced in order to prevent decreases in performance
• Sims et al. (2007) discovered that pre-exercise ingestion of a high-sodium beverage increased plasma volume before exercise and involved less thermoregulatory and perceived strain during exercise and increased exercise capacity in warm conditions.

FOCUS, DRIVE, & STIMULATION COMPLEX (1954 mg)

N-ACETYL-L-TYROSINE (1200 mg)

• Tyrosine is an essential amino acid whose primary role in the body is as the direct precursor to thyroxine and to the hormones dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
• Tyrosine may improve both endurance and anaerobic performance via metabolic and/or neurotransmitter upregulation.
• Tyrosine also improves mental acuity, focus, and mood by increasing levels of catecholamines found in the bloodstream.
• A study done at the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory reported that a dose of L-Tyrosine, when provided to sleep deprived subjects, ameliorated psychomotor performance declines associated with mental fatigue.

CAFFEINE (250 mg) and INFINERGY (100 mg DI-CAFFEINE MALATE) (350 mg total caffeine)

• Caffeine, like creatine, it one of the most studied and proven ergogenic (performance enhancing) aids. Although caffeine can affect a wide variety of motor and mental functions it is most commonly used to improve endurance exercise, focus and cognitive performance, and improve energy levels.  Caffeine has also been shown to have a thermogenic effect (heating/calorie burning) at rest and may increase the use of fats for fuel during exercise.
• Dicaffeine Malate, as the name implies, is the combination of caffeine and malic acid. Adding malic acid to caffeine is thought to calm the digestive effects of caffeine and thought to replenish the energy produced by caffeine (either through increased fat oxidation or ATP production). Malic acid may also weaken the feeling of a caffeine crash and slow tolerance development to caffeine.
• According to the research higher doses of caffeine, in the 250-450mg range, are needed to provide an ergogenic benefit.
• The ISSN position stand on caffeine concluded:
  • Caffeine can act to enhance alertness and vigilance during times of exhaustive exercise that requires sustained focus.
  • Caffeine is an effective ergogenic aid for sustained maximal endurance activity, and has also been shown to be very effective for enhancing time trial performance.
  • Caffeine can enhance, not inhibit, glycogen resynthesis during the recovery phase of exercise.
  • Caffeine is beneficial for high-intensity exercise of prolonged duration 

THEAPURE (L-THEANINE) (300 mg)

• L-Theanine is an amino acid, that when consumed produces GABA and glutamate, two neurotransmitters that act on the brain to reduce the perception stress.
• Research suggests that L-Theanine's biggest supplemental role may be in taking the "edge" off of other stimulants.
• A combination of L-Theanine with caffeine is noted to be synergistic in promoting cognition and attention.
• Giesbrecht et al. found the combination of L-theanine and caffeine significantly improved accuracy during task switching, self-reported alertness, and reduced self-reported tiredness.

YOHIMBINE HCL (4 mg)

• Yohimbe is an alkaloid that is considered a general stimulant that works by increasing adrenaline levels in the body.
• In some cases Yohimbe increases blood vessel dilation which may enhance energy levels during workouts.
• Increases in cognitive performance have also been noted in those supplementing with Yohimbe.
• Yohimbe also may act as a fat burning compound by acting upon the adrenergic receptor system of fat cells, which regulate thermogenesis.
• A study conducted by Ostojic (2006) found elite male soccer players who supplemented with Yohimbe for 21 days reduced average body fat levels from 9.3% to 7.1%

 HUPERZINE A (100 mcg)

• Huperizine A is a selective inhibitor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which means it prevents the breakdown and increases the amount of acetylcholine; an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system involved in cognition and muscular contractions. 
• Multiple studies have shown that supplementation with Huperzine-A can enhance focus, memory and mood.
• A study conducted by Sun et al. (1999) reported that subjects who supplemented with Huperzine A for 4 weeks improved learning performance and memort compared to a placebo group.

NITRIC OXIDE PERFORMANCE MATRIX (1750 mg)

AGMATINE SULFATE (1000 mg)

• Agmatine Sulfate is a byproduct of Arginine through decarboxylation. It produces other byproducts that are involved in cell growth, structural and metabolic support to the nervous system. 
• Decarboxylated arginine cannot be broken down in the liver and consequently increases blood flow to working muscles through vasodilation.
• Agmatine has also been shown to manipulate pain receptors which may allow you to train past normal pain thresholds.
• PRE uses a vegan source of agmatine that us derived from fermented plants.

INOSITOL ARGININE SILICATE (AS NITROSIGINE) (750 mg)

• Nitrosigine is a bonded complex of arginine and silicon that helps enhance nitric oxide levels to a greater degree compared to arginine alone.
• Increased nitric oxide levels promote the relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels, increasing blood flow to working muscles.
• In pre-clinical studies nitrosigine was found to be more biologically active than arginine chloride.  The research also showed enhanced blood flow during and after exercise which may help with muscle growth and recovery.

NUTRIENT ABSORPTION ENHANCER (5 mg)

PIPER NIGRUM EXTRACT (AS BIOPERINE)

• BioPerine is a patented extract of the fruit of black pepper that contains standardized amounts of the active ingredient piperine.
• Numerous clinical studies suggest that when a 5 mg dose of BioPerine is taken with other supplements, it increases the absorption of those supplements by 30 to 2,000 percent.
• In sum BioPerine significantly enhances the bioavailability of various supplement nutrients through increased absorption
• At NutraBio, we like to call this "bioavailability insurance" for our highly technical formulations that rely on extremely pure and refined ingredients.

FAQs:

Q. What is the best way to take PRE Extreme?
A. Mix one heaping scoop of PRE into 12-14 ounces of water and consume 30-45 minutes prior to training.

Q. Why does PRE Extreme contain carbohydrates? I heard carbs are bad for you.
A. Believe it or not carbs (glucose/glycogen in the body) are the preferred fuel source for muscles; especially during anaerobic activities such as strength training. Without them fatigue sets in and workouts end prematurely. We have found PRE Extreme to be very effective for those individuals who work out first thing in the morning on an empty stomach and in a glycogen depleted state.

Q. Can I take PRE Extreme with other stimulants (i.e. coffee, fat burners)?
A. We don't recommend taking other stimulants with PRE Extreme due to the efficacious doses of stimulants already found in the product.

Q. I see PRE Extreme has 350mg of caffeine. Is that amount safe?
A. Generally speaking, yes. A large review by the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a daily safe dose of 400mg is safe for adults. We suggest not taking any other stimulants (like coffee) on the days you take PRE. We also recommend starting with a half scoop to assess your tolerance before moving on to a full scoop.

Q. I heard creatine can cause kidney problems and cause cramping. Is that true?
A. Absolutely not. Creatine is the most studied and effective supplement ever…period. Over 500 studies have been done on creatine and none have shown to cause any adverse side effects. However, you should expect to see big improvements in strength, power, and endurance after taking creatine.

Q. What makes PRE Extreme better than other pre-workouts?
A. A lot of other pre-workouts use ingredients that are ineffective or not properly dosed. All the ingredient in PRE Extreme are research backed and dosed efficaciously based on the current scientific literature.

References:

1. Takii, H., KOMETANI, T., NISHIMURA, T., KURIKI, T., & FUSHIKI, T. (2004). A sports drink based on highly branched cyclic dextrin generates few gastrointestinal disorders in untrained men during bicycle exercise. Food science and technology research, 10(4), 428-431.
2. Kometani T, Takii H, Shiraki T, Nomura T. Endurance enhancing effect of cyclic cluster dextrin. FOOD Style21. 2003;7:62–65.
3. Takii, H., Takii, N. Y., Kometani, T., Nishimura, T., Nakae, T., Kuriki, T., & Fushiki, T. (2005). Fluids containing a highly branched cyclic dextrin influence the gastric emptying rate. International journal of sports medicine,26(4), 314-319.
4. Furuyashiki, T., Tanimoto, H., Yokoyama, Y., Kitaura, Y., Kuriki, T., & Shimomura, Y. (2014). Effects of ingesting highly branched cyclic dextrin during endurance exercise on rating of perceived exertion and blood components associated with energy metabolism. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 78(12), 2117-2119.
5. Takii, H., Ishihara, K., Kometani, T., Okada, S., & Fushiki, T. (1999). Enhancement of swimming endurance in mice by highly branched cyclic dextrin. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 63(12), 2045-2052.
6. Bendahan, D., Mattei, J. P., Ghattas, B., Confort-Gouny, S., Le Guern, M. E., & Cozzone, P. J. (2002). Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. British journal of sports medicine,36(4), 282-289.
7. Hickner, R. C., Tanner, C. J., Evans, C. A., Clark, P. D., Haddock, A., Fortune, C., ... & Mccammon, M. (2006). L-citrulline reduces time to exhaustion and insulin response to a graded exercise test. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(4), 660-666.
8. Pérez-Guisado, J., & Jakeman, P. M. (2010). Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1215-1222.
9. Sureda, A., Córdova, A., Ferrer, M. D., Pérez, G., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2010). L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 110(2), 341-351.
10. Hobson, R. M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Harris, R. C., & Sale, C. (2012). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino acids, 43(1), 25-37.
11. Stout, J. R., Cramer, J. T., Zoeller, R. F., Torok, D., Costa, P., Hoffman, J. R., ... & O'kroy, J. (2007). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino acids,32(3), 381-386.
12. Smith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Graef, J. L., Kendall, K. L., Moon, J. R., Lockwood, C. M., ... & Stout, J. R. (2009). Effects of β-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 1-9.
13. Baguet, A., Bourgois, J., Vanhee, L., Achten, E., & Derave, W. (2010). Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(4), 1096-1101.
14. Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., ... & Campbell, B. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-14.
15. Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006). Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. The Journal of nutrition, 136(2), 533S-537S.
16. Shimomura, Y., Inaguma, A., Watanabe, S., Yamamoto, Y., Muramatsu, Y., Bajotto, G., ... & Mawatari, K. (2010). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation before squat exercise and delayed-onset muscle soreness.International journal of sport nutrition, 20(3), 236.
17. Nicastro, H., Artioli, G. G., dos Santos Costa, A., Solis, M. Y., Da Luz, C. R., Blachier, F., & Lancha Jr, A. H. (2011). An overview of the therapeutic effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle under atrophic conditions. Amino Acids, 40(2), 287-300.
18. Howatson, G., Hoad, M., Goodall, S., Tallent, J., Bell, P. G., & French, D. N. (2012). Exercise-induced muscle damage is reduced in resistance-trained males by branched chain amino acids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 9(1), 20.
19. Apicella, J. M., Lee, E. C., Bailey, B. L., Saenz, C., Anderson, J. M., Craig, S. A., ... & Maresh, C. M. (2013). Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise.European journal of applied physiology, 113(3), 793-802.
20. Trepanowski, J. F., Farney, T. M., Mccarthy, C. G., Schilling, B. K., Craig, S. A., & Bloomer, R. J. (2011). The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3461-3471.
21. Lee, E. C., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., Yamamoto, L. M., Hatfield, D. L., Bailey, B. L., ... & Craig, S. A. (2010). Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr,7(1), 27.
22. Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Gonzalez, A. M., Beller, N. A., & Craig, S. A. (2011). Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2235-2241.
23. Cholewa, J. M., Wyszczelska-Rokiel, M., Glowacki, R., Jakubowski, H., Matthews, T., Wood, R., ... & Paolone, V. (2013). Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone. J Int Soc. Sports Nutr, 10(1), 39.
24. Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2007, 4:6.
25. Earnest CP, Snell PG, Rodriguez R, Almada AL, Mitchell TL: The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta physiologica Scandinavica 1995, 153:207-209.
26. Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Grindstaff P, Plisk S, Reinardy J, Cantler E, Almada AL: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1998, 30:73-82.
27. Lopez, R. M., Casa, D. J., McDermott, B. P., Ganio, M. S., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009). Does creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status? A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of athletic training, 44(2), 215-223.
28. Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Burke, D. G., Mueller, K. D., & Lewis, J. D. (2011). Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1831-1838.
29. McConell, G. K., Shinewell, J., Stephens, T. J., Stathis, C. G., Canny, B. J., & Snow, R. J. (2005). Creatine supplementation reduces muscle inosine monophosphate during endurance exercise in humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(12), 2054.
30. Rae, C., Digney, A. L., McEwan, S. R., & Bates, T. C. (2003). Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: a double–blind, placebo–controlled, cross–over trial. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270(1529), 2147-2150.
31. Zhang, M., Izumi, I., Kagamimori, S., Sokejima, S., Yamagami, T., Liu, Z., & Qi, B. (2004). Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino acids, 26(2), 203-207.
32. BOUCHAMA, A., YUSUF, A., AL-SEDAIRY, S. U. L. T. A. N., & EL-YAZIGI, A. D. N. A. N. (1993). Alteration of taurine homeostasis in acute heatstroke.Critical care medicine, 21(4), 551-554.
33. Gwacham, N., & Wagner, D. R. (2012). Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22(2), 109-116.
34. Warskulat, U., Brookmann, S., Felsner, I., Brenden, H., Grether‐Beck, S., & Häussinger, D. (2008). Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Experimental dermatology, 17(12), 1031-1036.
35. Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996). Acsm position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28.
36. Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. S., ... & Stone, J. A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of athletic training,35(2), 212.
37. Sims, S. T., van VLIET, L. I. N. D. A., Cotter, J., & Rehrer, N. (2007). Sodium loading aids fluid balance and reduces physiological strain of trained men exercising in the heat. Medicine and science in sports and exercise,39(1), 123.
38. Deijen, J. B., Wientjes, C. J. E., Vullinghs, H. F. M., Cloin, P. A., & Langefeld, J. J. (1999). Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain research bulletin, 48(2), 203-209.
39. Banderet, L. E., & Lieberman, H. R. (1989). Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain research bulletin, 22(4), 759-762.
40. Neri, D. F., Wiegmann, D., Stanny, R. R., Shappell, S. A., McCardie, A., & McKay, D. L. (1995). The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.
41. Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., ... & Wildman, R. (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 7(1), 5.
42. Spriet, L. L. (1995). Caffeine and performance. International journal of sport nutrition, 5, S84-S84.
43. Beck, T. W., Housh, T. J., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., Housh, D. J., Coburn, J. W., & Malek, M. H. (2006). The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 506-510.
44. McLellan, T. M., Kamimori, G. H., Voss, D. M., Tate, C., & Smith, S. J. (2007). Caffeine effects on physical and cognitive performance during sustained operations. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 78(9), 871-877.
45. Lieberman, H. R., Tharion, W. J., Shukitt-Hale, B., Speckman, K. L., & Tulley, R. (2002). Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training. Psychopharmacology, 164(3), 250-261.
46. Costill, D. L., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. J. (1977). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 155-158.
47. Kovacs, E. M., Stegen, J. H., & Brouns, F. (1998). Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and Performance. Journal of Applied physiology, 85(2), 709-715.
48. Park, S. K., Jung, I. C., Lee, W. K., Lee, Y. S., Park, H. K., Go, H. J., ... & Rho, S. S. (2011). A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of medicinal food, 14(4), 334-343.
49. Owen, G. N., Parnell, H., De Bruin, E. A., & Rycroft, J. A. (2008). The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutritional neuroscience, 11(4), 193-198.
50. Giesbrecht, T., Rycroft, J. A., Rowson, M. J., & De Bruin, E. A. (2010). The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutritional neuroscience, 13(6), 283-290.
51. Tyrosine metabolism – Reference pathway, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
52. Chen-Izu Y, Xiao RP, Izu LT, Cheng H, Kuschel M, Spurgeon H, Lakatta EG (November 2000). G(i)-dependent localization of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor signaling to L-type Ca(2+) channels". Biophys. J. 79 (5): 2547–56.
53. Large V, Hellström L, Reynisdottir S, et al. (December 1997). Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function.
54. Tsutsumi, E.; Kanai, S.; Ohta, M.; Suwa, Y.; Miyasaka, K. (2010). Stimulatory effect of N-methyltyramine, a congener of beer, on pancreatic secretion in conscious rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34 (Suppl 1): S14–S17
55. Barwell, C. J., Basma, A. N., Lafi, M. A. K., & Leake, L. D. (1989). Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 41(6), 421-423.
56. Hapke, HJ, Strathmann, W. (1995). Pharmacological effects of Hordenine. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1995 Jun;102(6):228-32.
57. Frank, M., Weckman, T. J., Wood, T., Woods, W. E., TAI, C. L., CHANG, S. L., ... & Tobin, T. (1990). Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Equine veterinary journal, 22(6), 437-441.
58. Ostojic, S. M. (2006). Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine, 14(4), 289-299.
59. MURBURG, M. M., VILLACRES, E. C., KO, G. N., & VEITH, R. C. (1991). Effects of Yohimbine on Human Sympathetic Nervous System Function.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 73(4), 861-865.
60. Waluga, M., Janusz, M., Karpel, E., Hartleb, M., & Nowak, A. (1998). Cardiovascular effects of ephedrine, caffeine and yohimbine measured by thoracic electrical bioimpedance in obese women. Clinical Physiology, 18(1), 69-76.
61. Galitzky, J., Taouis, M., Berlan, M., Riviere, D., Garrigues, M., & Lafontan, M. (1988). α2‐Antagonist compounds and lipid mobilization: evidence for a lipid mobilizing effect of oral yohimbine in healthy male volunteers. European journal of clinical investigation, 18(6), 587-594.
62. Xiao, X. Q., Yang, J. W., & Tang, X. C. (1999). Huperzine A protects rat pheochromocytoma cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury.Neuroscience letters, 275(2), 73-76.
63. Malkova, L., Kozikowski, A. P., & Gale, K. (2011). The effects of huperzine A and IDRA 21 on visual recognition memory in young macaques.Neuropharmacology, 60(7), 1262-1268.
64. Kitisripanya, N., Saparpakorn, P., Wolschann, P., & Hannongbua, S. (2011). Binding of huperzine A and galanthamine to acetylcholinesterase, based on ONIOM method. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine,7(1), 60-68.
65. Sun, Q. Q., Xu, S. S., Pan, J. L., Guo, H. M., & Cao, W. Q. (1999). Huperzine-A capsules enhance memory and learning performance in 34 pairs of matched adolescent students. Zhongguo yao li xue bao= Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 20(7), 601-603.
66. Xu, S. S., Gao, Z. X., Weng, Z., Du, Z. M., Xu, W. A., Yang, J. S., ... & Chai, X. S. (1995). Efficacy of tablet huperzine-A on memory, cognition, and behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Zhongguo yao li xue bao= Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 16(5), 391-395.
67. Gao, Y., Gumusel, B., Koves, G., Prasad, A., Hao, Q., Hyman, A., & Lippton, H. (1995). Agmatine: a novel endogenous vasodilator substance.Life sciences, 57(8), PL83-PL86.
68. Keynan, O., Mirovsky, Y., Dekel, S., Gilad, V. H., & Gilad, G. M. (2010). Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc‐associated Radiculopathy. An Open‐label, Dose‐escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Trial. Pain Medicine, 11(3), 356-368.
69. Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S., Samson, A., & Krieger, D. R. (2015). A clinical evaluation to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an inositol-stabilized arginine silicate dietary supplement in healthy adult males. Clinical pharmacology: advances and applications, 7, 103.